In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. To learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. The present study explored the possibility that mcgregors 1960 theory x y assumptions serve as cognitive determinants of superior communicator style, a multidimensional set of style variables. Shareholder value is the only legitimate measure of corporate success. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles. Theory y holds that employees should be trusted and empowered. Theory x assumes that most people prefer to be directed, are not interested in assuming responsibility and want safety above all. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory.
Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. A theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these. The x theory is also referred to as hard management style and the y theory as soft or enlightened management style. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. A theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y of management represent two fundamental approaches to employee engagement carson, 2005. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Victor vrooms expectancy theory of motivation an evaluation. Douglas mcgregor an american social psychologist proposed his famous x and y theories in his book 1960. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation.
Nature and characteristics of the expectancy theory the expectancy theory of motivation as developed by victor vroom is a process theory of motivation and it finds an important place in the literature of motivational theories. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. Instead of using only one theory or sequencing both theories, a company should implement both theory e and theory o at the same time. He later became a professor of management at massachusetts institute of technology he was succeeded by warren bennis. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor.
The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. The theory z is a continuation of this last style, which makes it an even more participative style than the y theory. Though recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model yet mcgregors x and y. The company should explicitly confront the tension between e and o goals and embrace the paradox between the two theories. Theory x and theory y were first introduced in the early work of douglas mcgregor. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory x type organizations seemed to believe. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 is one of the forefathers of management theory and one of the top business thinkers of all time. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. Theory x holds that employees are inherently disinclined to work and needed to be strictly controlled. These labels describe contrasting set of assumptions about human nature. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Many years ago a professor named mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y.
Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. The eminent psychologist douglas mcgregor has given his theory of motivation called theory x and theory y. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on research performance of foundation university members in turkey on the number of articles published in science citation index and social science citation index. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Theory x and theory y team management training from.
The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregors theory y thinking back from pre. The remedies are either to introduce the concept of di. He treated traditional approach to management as theory x and the professional approach to management as theory y. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. On the other extreme, theory y is diametrically opposite to theory x which shows the modern and dynamic approach to individuals and relies on the assumptions that are practical in nature. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles. You could not without help going taking into consideration book buildup or library or borrowing from your connections to approach them. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques.
Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Theory z suggests that large complex organisations are human systems and their effectiveness depends on the quality of humanism used. It was a period characterized by the work of maslow, likert, argyris. Mcgregor showedat a time when labormanagement relations were becoming more. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management.
In addition to this, they can help a manager to focus on his thoughts on the different ways in which individuals relate to and. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 is one of the forefathers of management theory and one of the top business thinkers. Managers generally have one of two perspectives regarding their employees. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Prove that there is one participant who knows all other participants. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work.
Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. It appeared at a time when the behavioral sciences were playing an increasing role in how managers thought about their work. A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y emerald. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. He first presented his theory in a classic article titled the human side of enterprise. Mcgregor sees theory y as the preferable model and management method, however he felt it was difficult to use in largescale operations in 1981, william ouchi came up with a variant that combined american and japanese management practices together to form theory z, having the following characteristics. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company.
Theory e change strategies usually involve heavy use of economic incentives, drastic layoffs, downsizing, and restructuring. In this article, we are going to talk about the major differences between theory x and theory y. File type pdf theory x theory y businessballs theory x theory y businessballs getting the books theory x theory y businessballs now is not type of challenging means. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Theory x or theory y,douglas mcgregor proposed two models of trust that formed the basis of two different managerial approaches, one based on a positive. Two distinct sets of assumptions that managers, in general, have about their employees and which often turn out to be selffulfilling prophesies. According to mcgregor, theory x seeks to promote engagement by directing, monitoring. Pdf the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on. William ouchi developed theory z after making a comparative study of japanese and american management practices. Among any group of 4 participants, there is one who knows the other three members of the group. Answer the questions on this quiz to see how well you understand theory x and theory y and their related assumptions. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of theory x and. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. The simultaneous use of both theories is more likely to be the source of sustainable competitive advantage. The biggest advantage of using theory x and theory y is that they are easy to understand. Mcgregors work made a significant impact on managerial thought. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Get an answer for compare the theory x, theory y, and theory z assumptions of human relations.
In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. It contains assumptions which he believed could lead to greater motivation and better fulfillment of both individual needs and organizational goals. The expectancy theory looks at motivation in a more comprehensive and realisticthan some of the other theories. Theory y is mcgregors other modem view of the nature of man. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theory yof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s.
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